The emergence of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in Chiapas Mexico was examined from a field approach and from a laboratory approach. This virus was not previously associated with equine disease in Mexico. The evolution ...

Eastern equine encephalitis virus strains from North (NA EEEV) and Central/South America (SA EEEV) have developed markedly different epidemiologic, pathogenic, antigenic, and genetic profiles, have distinct geographic ...

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an emerging arboviral pathogen that affects the Americas. Outbreaks can involve hundreds- of- thousands of equines and humans, spread over large geographic regions, and can ...

West Nile virus is a positive sense single-stranded RNA virus in the family Flaviviridae that emerged globally following the appearance of a more neurotropic subtype. Recently outbreaks of WNV disease have occurred in the ...

West Nile virus (WNV) was introduced into North America in 1999. The original genotype of WNV in North America, NY99, was displaced in 2002 with the current dominant genotype, NA/WN02, which was first identified in 2002. ...

Venezuelan equine encephalitis eirus (VEEV) is a New World alphavirus that can cause fatal encephalitis in humans. VEEV is an enveloped, positive-strand RNA virus that is transmitted by a mosquito vector. Most research ...

Understanding the evolutionary and ecological circumstances in which arboviruses emerge into naïve geographical areas is critical for the development of targeted maintenance and prevention strategies. In order to develop ...

During RNA virus replication, there is the potential to incorporate mutations that affect virulence or pathogenesis. For live-attenuated vaccines, this has implications for stability, as replication may result in mutations ...