Novel Virulence Factors in the Pathogenesis of Yersinia pestis Infection, the Causative Agent of Plague

Identification of new virulence factors in Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, and understanding their molecular mechanisms during an infection process are necessary in designing a better vaccine or to formulate an appropriate therapeutic intervention. By using a high-throughput, signature-tagged mutagenic approach, we screened 5,088 mutants of Y. pestis CO92. From this screen, 118 clones showing impairment in disseminating to spleen were obtained. In a subsequent screen, 20/118 mutants exhibited attenuation when tested individually in a mouse model of bubonic plague, with 10/20 aforementioned mutants providing 40% or higher survival rates at an infectious dose of 40 LD50. Upon sequencing, six of the attenuated mutants carried interruptions in genes encoding hypothetical proteins or proteins with putative functions. In-frame deletion mutation of two of the genes identified from the screen were also found to exhibit some attenuation at 11-12 LD50 in a mouse model of pneumonic plague. Likewise, among the remaining 18 signature-tagged mutants, 9 were also attenuated (40-100%) at 12 LD50 in a pneumonic plague mouse model. Combinatorial deletions including the newly identified genes, rbsA and vasK, were significantly attenuated in pneumonic plague models. Interestingly, rbsA gene products have been associated with a highly conserved inter-bacterial signaling system mediated by autoinducer-2 (AI-2) quorum-sensing molecule. Deletion of the gene encoding the synthetic enzyme for AI-2 substrate, luxS, leads to either no change or, paradoxically, an increase in in vivo bacterial virulence. Deletion of rbsA and lsrA genes, ABC transport components interacting with AI-2, synergistically disrupted AI-2 signaling patterns and resulted in an over 50-fold decrease in Y. pestis CO92 virulence in a mouse model. Deletion of luxS from the ΔrbsAΔlsrA strain reverted the virulence phenotype similar to wild-type CO92. Administration of AI-2 in mice infected with the ΔrbsAΔlsrAΔluxS mutant strain attenuated this triple mutant. Role of AI-2 signaling genes that modulated bacterial virulence was determined by RNAseq. Characterization of AI-2 signaling in Y. pestis should lead to re-examination of AI-2 systems in other pathogens and may represent a broad-spectrum therapeutic target to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria.